Jawaban Chapter 1 dan 2

CHAPTER 1 & 2
ANSWERS
MATCHING QUESTION
1. E. positive economics
2. H. normative economics
3. I. opportunity cost
4. B. efficiency
5. D. marginal cost
6. J. Production Possibility Frontier
7. A. Laissez-Faire economy
8. K. comparative advantage
9. C. absolute advantage
10. G. command economy

TRUE FALSE
1. T
2. F, opportunity cost is different with the sunk cost. Because opportunity cost is the best alternatives forgone of making one decision and giving up another decision, while sunk cost is the cost that is gone after making a decision, and it doesn’t counted on the next economic decision.
3. T
4. F, the statement above is normative economics
5. F, economics problem is determined by three basic questions of what, how, and for whom related to the production and distribution of scarce resources and allocation.
6. T
7. F, economic growth is the increasing in the total output where the society produces more goods and services within given resources. It also means the increasing of productivity.
8. F, there’s nothing such best economic system, because every system has its own strength and weakness.
9. T
10. T

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B. opportunity cost
2. D. what, how, for whom
3. C. work in Insurance Company
4. A. when price increases, quantity demanded will decrease
5. D. Ockham’s razor
6. D. comparative advantage
7. D. investment
8. C. the economic decision is planned
9. C. having more bachelor and master degree among people
10. A. Scarcity

ESSAY
1. Economics is the study of how societies use the scarce resources to produce goods and services and distribute them among different people.
2. Opportunity cost is the best alternatives forgone of making one decision and giving up another decision.
Sunk cost is the cost that had been made and cannot be recovery and shouldn’t affect next economic decision.
Marginal cost is an additional cost of producing one unit of output and concern also for the economic decision
3. The four main reasons why we study economics are :
-Learn the basic thoughts : related to the opportunity cost, marginal cost, sunk cost. it deals of how society makes a decision
- Understanding the society : because the economic decision in the past will affect the life of the society nowadays, so we study economics to concern the long-live society.
- Understanding global issues : because economic had become a main issue all over the world. The policy, locally or internationally, will lead to the overall economic performance in one country. And because economic often causes the big impact for the world welfare and stability, it’s important to understand the global issues.
- to be the speaker of knowledge : when we want to participate about the country’s performance, it’s important to analyze the policy by knowing the basic understanding of economics.
4. Positive economics : The economics method that describe of what happening is and how it is happening. The approaching of economics that doesn’t judge and just see how the people and operation system behave.
Normative economics : The economics method that analyze the result of economic behavior and evaluate the policy about how good and how bad. It what should be happen rather than what happens.
5. Ceteris Paribus means other thing held constant. The assumption of ceteris paribus is needed to simplify the reality and to focus of the relationship we are concerning of. It’s the part of abstraction process when there’s a complicated model and hard to be discussed. Because in the social life, many things had their own effect to something, and to know the relationship of only one thing to another thing, we need to make the model more simply.
6. Scarcity is when the resources are limited relative to the human needs and wants. While choice is the action that human should do when they face the fact of scarcity.
as related to the economic problem, people should make a choice how to produce efficiently in the given scarce resources. The 3 basic question of what, how and for whom are also answering the problem of scarcity and choice.
7. Comparative advantage : The idea which stated that the specialization and the free-trade will give a benefit for each trader’s participant, even when there’s an inefficient producer.
Absolute advantage : The idea which stated that a producer still gets a same result in producing goods or services when that producer is able to use the lower resources.
8. Laissez-Faire is the France’s phrase which means : let them do.
It is the economic system that has no government intervention and work based on market-economy-system. It concerns in the efficiency and regard that the government intervention will only bring the inefficiency, so it runs its economic based on the behavior of capital’s holders.
9. Production Possibility Frontier is the graph that shows the all combination of goods and services produced when all resources are used efficiently.
In the graph shows the combination of weapons and butter that nation faces. The nation best production is lied above the point A andC.
while the B point, the nation is still leaving some resources.
In point A, the nation take more weapons that butter, while in point C, the nation take more butter than weapons, but it gives the same best alternatives.
The point B implies that the nation hasn’t used its best resources in producing products. It means the economy hasn’t attained the efficient economy.

weapons







butter





10. Indonesia’s economic system is actually a mixed-economy which adopts the market-system when there’s a freedom for market to operate its business and run economic activities, but there’s still an intervention from government. Where the main and important resources are led by the nation and the private firms can only run a business of usual products (not main important resources). Furthermore, the government is also regulating several economic performance indicators which reflects in the fiscal or monetary policy.

Soal Remedial

untuk yang telah menerima hasil praktikum pie mikro 2, dan kepada yang nilainya masih di bawah 75, saya tawarkan 2 opsi kepada kalian.

1. nilai kalian tetap di bawah 75, dan masih ada jatah nilai yang bisa kalian maksimalkan (itupun kalau masih ada :D )

2. kerjakan soal perbaikan, dan bila semuanya benar, anda akan mendapat point 75 untuk perbaikan nilai anda.

bila anda setuju untuk point 1, silahkan meninggalkan blog ini, dan belajar untuk praktikum selanjutnya :D

bila anda setuju untuk point 2.

SILAHKAN, cek kembali lembar jawaban praktikum anda, lalu..
lihat di blog ini, soal praktikum 2, dan kerjakan nomer-nomer yang anda salah saja.

misal : anda salah pada nomor 3 dan 4
nah, cari dan perbaiki jawaban nomer 3 dan 4 dengan baik dan benar, di kertas folio yang baru.

lalu, kumpulkan hasil praktikum 2 anda dan jawaban perbaikan anda.
dikumpulkan paling lambat, SENIN (18 Oktober 2010) di boxfile, dengan nama Putri Rahmi
pada pukul 17.00 WIB, lewat dari jam tersebut, dengan sangat berat hati, jawaban anda tidak saya terima :-)

Selamat mengerjakan, bila ada kesulitan, silahkan tanya saya di ruang TA. my office hour in monday, start from 14.30 till 17.00 wib.

good luck everybody :D

soal praktikum 2

Aturan Pengerjaan
1. kerjakan soal berikut saja:

* MQ = 2,4,5,6,7
* T/F= 1,2,3,4,5,10 (sebutkan alasan nya, bila anda memilih F (FALSE) )
* MC = 1-5, 10
* Essay = 1-7

2. Untuk susulan ini, anda akan mendapatkan nilai maksimal 75.
3. jawaban ditulis rapi, pada kertas Folio bergaris.
4. dikumpulkan paling lambat, SENIN (18 Oktober 2010) di boxfile, dengan nama Putri Rahmi
pada pukul 17.00 WIB, lewat dari jam tersebut, dengan sangat berat hati, jawaban anda tidak saya terima :-)
5. Selamat mengerjakan, bila ada kesulitan, silahkan tanya saya di ruang TA. my office hour in monday, start from 14.30 till 17.00 wib.
6. good luck everybody :D




CHAPTER 3 AND 4
DEMAND, SUPPLY, MARKET EQUILIBRIUM AND ITS ELASTICITY

Matching Questions
1. A general concept used to quantify the response in one variable when another variable change.
2. Diagram of the economic activity where goods and services flow clockwise.
3. The difference between the maximum amounts a person is willing to pay for a good and its current market price.
4. Goods that are biased interchangeable with each other; when the price of a good rises, demand for other goods will rise.
5. Condition that occurs when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at a certain price.
6. Change in income, preference, or price of other goods leads to change in demand.
7. The negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. As price rises, quantity demanded falls, and vice versa.
8. A minimum price below which exchange is not permitted.
9. Change in price of a good leads to change in quantity demanded of that good.
10. The net loss of producer and consumer surplus from underproduction or overproduction.

A. Substitution Goods
B. Law of demand
C. Price floor
D. Moving along the demand curve
E. Complementary goods
F. Elasticity
G. Consumer surplus
H. Shortage
I. Dead weight loss
J. Price Ceiling
K. Circular flow diagram
L. Shifting demand curve
True or False
1. Goods for which demand tends to fall when income rises are normal goods.
2. The law of supply states that there is a negative relationship between price and quantity supplied. When the price falls, quantity supplied will increase.
3. Television, motorcycles, cars, and sweater were traded goods in input markets.
4. Changes in price of other goods will cause the demand move along the curve.
5. Equilibrium occurs when the demand for goods offered is greater than the requested items.
6. Perfectly inelastic demand is the demand in which the quantity demanded responds at all to a change in price.
7. Surplus occurs when Qd < Qs.
8. The positive cross price elasticity indicates that the goods are substitutes.
9. Price ceiling is charged above the equilibrium.
10. Land, labor, and capital, including into the factors of production.
Multiple Choices
1. Individual demand curve for a commodity states :
a. The maximum limit of the individual's intentions
b. The minimum limit of the individual’s wants
c. Minimum or maximum limits of the individual's intentions
d. Not a minimum or maximum limits of the individual's intentions
2. Decline in the price of a commodity, while other factors are assumed constant, resulting in and referred to as:
a. Increase in demand
b. Reduced demand
c. The increase in quantity demanded
d. Decrease in quantity demanded
3. Household decisions about the quantity of output or a specific product that will be required depends on:

a. Product Price
b. Revenue available
c. Taste
d. All correct answers

4. If the price of a substitute of X falls, the demand for goods X will be....

a. Increase
b. Decline
c. Fixed
d. All incorrect

5. Equilibrium will be achieved when ...

a. Qd > Qs
b. Qd = Qs
c. Qd < Qs
d. Qd ≠ Qs

6. A Price ceiling creates …

a. Excess demand
b. Excess supply
c. Equilibrium
d. Higher price

7. E s for the supply curve in the form of a straight line is positively sloped and cuts the price axis is ...

a. 0
b. 1
c. > 1
d. Constant

8. If the income elasticity of demand greater than one, the goods are included in ...
a. Luxury
b. Third-rater
c. Daily necessities
d. Goods that are not related

9. P Qd




0 Q
What is the elasticity of the picture above?

a. Perfectly Elastic
b. Unitary elastic
c. Perfectly inelastic
d. Inelastic

10. Which of the following items is included an inferior goods:

a. Cassava
b. Apple
c. Plastic mines
d. Premium
Essay
1. Explain:
a. law of demand
b. law of supply
2. What is a market input and output markets? Mention anything that is traded on those markets?
3. Draw and explain the circular flow diagram!
4. Explain this following words and give some example for each goods:

a. Normal goods
b. Inferior goods
c. Substitutes goods
d. Complementary goods

5. What is the slope of:
a. Demand curve
b. Supply curve
Explain graphically!
6. What is the equilibrium? How does its condition occur?
7. The demand function of corn is Qdx=8000-1000Px and the supply function is Qsx=-4000+2000Px. Find the equilibrium and draw it!
8. What is the different between producer surplus and consumer surplus? What’s happened if there is underproduction or overproduction? Explain graphically!
9. What’s happened if either price ceiling or price floor is charged in the market?
10. P
60 A
50 B
40 C
30 D
20 E
10 F
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Q
Compile a grocery store cake egg demand curve as a function of price Calculate the elasticity of demand using the midpoint formula between points A and B, between points C and D, and between points E and F! Including into what types of elasticity?

Soal Praktikum 1

Aturan Pengerjaan
1. kerjakan soal berikut saja:

• MQ = 1-10
• T/F= 1,2,4,6,8,9 (sebutkan alasan nya, bila anda memilih F (FALSE) )
  
• MC = 1,2,4,9
• Essay = 2,3,4,9

2. Untuk susulan ini, anda akan mendapatkan nilai maksimal 75.
3. jawaban ditulis rapi, pada kertas Folio bergaris.
4. dikumpulkan paling lambat, SENIN (18 Oktober 2010) di boxfile, dengan nama Putri Rahmi
pada pukul 17.00 WIB, lewat dari jam tersebut, dengan sangat berat hati, jawaban anda tidak saya terima :-)
5. Selamat mengerjakan, bila ada kesulitan, silahkan tanya saya di ruang TA. my office hour in monday, start from 14.30 till 17.00 wib.
6. good luck everybody :D

CHAPTER 1 AND 2

SCARCITY AND CHOICES

Matching Questions

1. The economics method that describe of what happening is and how it is happening, doesn’t judge and just see how the people and operation system behave.

2. The economics method that analyze the result of economic behavior and evaluate the policy about how good and how bad. It describes what should be happen rather than what happens.

3. The best alternative that is forgone because of making one decision and giving up another decision.

4. The best way in allocating the resources with the minimum costs and the certain benefits.

5. The additional cost in producing one unit of output.

6. The graph that shows all combination of goods and services produced when all resources are used efficiently.

7. The economic system that has no government intervention and work based on market-economy-system.

8. The idea which stated that the specialization and the free-trade will give a benefit for each trader’s participant, even when there’s an inefficient producer.

9. The idea which stated that a producer still gets a same result in producing goods or services when that producer is able to use the lower resources.

10. The economy which there’s a big government’s role. The government, central-or-local, plans and determines the output, revenue, and prices.

a. Laissez-Faire economy g. Command economy

b. Efficiency h. Normative economics

c. Absolute advantage i. Opportunity Cost

d. Marginal Cost j. Production Possibility Frontier

e. Positive economics k. Comparative advantage

f. Scarcity l. Free-Trade Effect

True-False

1. Economics is study of how individuals and society choose the way to allocate the scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different people.

2. Opportunity cost is also a sunk cost.

3. Microeconomics is a part of economics that concern with the behavior of individual entities such as markets, firms, and households.

4. Positive economics is an economics method that analyzes the result of economic behavior and evaluate the policy about how good and how bad. It describes what should be happen rather that what happens.

5. Economic problem is when the government can’t produce equally among people.

6. Production Possibility Frontier is a graph that shows the all combination of goods and services produced when all resources are used efficiently.

7. Economic growth is when all the societies live welfare and not suffer poverty.

8. The best economic system is Laissez-Faire economy. Because the market will be more efficient without government’s intervention.

9. Marginal Rate of Transformation is a slope of Production Possibility Frontier curve.

10. China is now starting to adopt the market-system for its economy.

Multiple Choices

1. The best alternative that is forgone because of making one decision and giving up another decision :
a. Sunk Cost c. Marginal Cost
b. Opportunity Cost d. Decision Cost

2. The basic questions to analyze economic problems are …..
a. what, why, how c. what, why, for whom
b. how, who, why d. what, how, for whom

3. Instead of working in Insurance Company and earn $300 a month, you decide to take a computer course 7 times a week and pay $35 a month. What is the opportunity cost : (the opportunity cost is depend on what’s your choice)
a. get into computer course b. 7 times a week to take a rest
c. working in Insurance Company c. none of all

4. In 1890, Alfred Marshall released the law of demand that stated :
a. When price increases, the quantity demanded will decrease
b. When price increase, the quantity demanded will increase
c. When the quantity increases, the price will decrease
d. When the quantity decreases, the price will decrease

5. The principle which stated that the irrelevant details are better to be cut and stop being talked is …..
a. Okun’s law c. Economic Principle
b. Adam Smith Invisible Hand d. Ockham’s razor

6. The specialization and the free-trade will give a benefit to all trader’s participant, even there’s an inefficient producer is called an idea of …..
a. The benefit of trade c. absolute advantage
b. comparative advantage d. free-trade effect

7. The process in utilizing the resources to produce new capital and give a return for some periods of time is called :
a. Efficiency c. Production
b. Capital-recovery d. Investment

8. The characteristic of Laissez-Faire economy are the following, except :
a. Based on market system

b. no government intervention
c. the economic decision is planned

d. concern in efficiency rather than equity

9. The economic growth involves things such below, except :
a. growing in total output
b.produce more goods and services within given resources
c. more having a bachelor and master degree among people
d. the increasing of people’s productivity

10. When there’s a limited amount of goods and services relative to the desires of human, its situation is called :
a. scarcity b. economic goods
c. limited-access d. efficiency

Essay

1. What is Economics?

2. What is the different between the opportunity cost, sunk cost, and marginal cost? (give an examples)

3. Why did we study economics?

4. Explain the different between positive and normative economics!

5. Why should there be an assumption of Ceteris Paribus?

6. What is scarcity and choice related to economic problems?

7. Explain about the comparative advantage and absolute advantage!

8. Give the explanation about Laissez-Faire economic system.

9. What is Production Possibility Frontier? (draw the curve)

10. What is Indonesia’s economic system? Explain briefly!

PERUBAHAN PARADIGMA PEMBANGUNAN: WIDJOJO NITISASTRO

Aris Ananta

Pada tanggal 14 Januari 2010 yang lalu telah diluncurkan buku Pengalaman Pembangunan Indonesia. Kumpulan Tulisan dan Uraian Widjojo Nitisastro di Jakarta. Widjojo Nitisasarto adalah tokoh ekonomi yang menjadi arsitek perubahan paradigma sistem perekonomian Indonesia pada pertengahan 1960an. Menarik untuk sedikit menyimak apa yang terjadi pada saat itu.

Paradigma pembangunan selalu dan harus berubah dari waktu ke waktu, sesuai dengan tuntutan jaman dan permasalahan. Terjadinya krisis yang besar sering dan memaksakan munculnya paradigma baru. Tanpa paradigma baru, krisis yang sama dan lebih besar akan terjadi lagi.

Demikian juga dalam pemikiran ekonomi. Di tahun 1930-an J. M. Keynes telah melakukan revolusi dalam paradigma pemikiran ekonomi. Revolusi pemikirannya, setelah dikuantifikasikan oleh Samuelson dan kawan kawan, kemudian menjadi terkenal dengan yang disebut Teori Ekonomi Makro, yang kini diajarkan di seluruh dunia.

Pada saat itu sedang terjadi krisis ekonomi yang amat besar, yang sering disebut dengan Great Depression. Negara kaya seperti Amerika Serikat dan Eropa terjerembab dalam kesulitan ekonomi yang besar. Saat itu paradigmanya adalah peran pemerintah yang sekecil kecilnya. Saat itu, para ekonom mempercayakan kegiatan ekonomi sepenuhnya pada kekuatan pasar. Ekonomi yang menurun, menurut paradigma saat itu, akan pulih dengan sendirinya. Ekonomi yang memanas akan dengan sendirinya kembali normal, asalkan pemerintah tidak ikut campur tangan. Namun, di tahun 1930-an itu, ekonomi yang terus menurun tidak kunjung baik, dan bahkan dari masa ke masa, keadaan ekonomi makin parah.

Di saat seperti itu lah muncul J. M Keynes, yang memperkenalkan paradigma baru, bahwa pemerintah harus turun tangan untuk mengatasi krisis saat itu. Pemerintah harus menciptakaan permintaan, harus mengeluarkan uang, agar ekonomi tumbuh lagi. Di jaman sekarang, pemikiran ini dikenal dengan istilah stimulus package.

Namun , usaha J. M Keynes ini tidak begitu saja diimplementasikan. Dukungan kuat dari tokoh politik sangat perlu untuk mengimplementasikan perubahan paradigma pemikiran. Baru dengan dukungan penuh dari Franklin D. Roosevelt, presiden Amerika Serikat waktu itu, pemikiran Keynes dijalankan. Dan sejak saat itu, ekonomi Amerika Serikat dan dunia, segera mengalami pemulihan. Ekonomi dunia kemudian mengikuti paradigma pasar dengan campur tangan pemerintah.

Namun, tidak semua negara mengikuti paradigma pasar dengan campur tangan pemerintah. Negara yang menganut sistem sosialis/ komunis cenderung tidak mempercayai penggunaan mekanisme pasar sama sekali. Mereka percaya bahwa semua kegiatan ekonomi diatur oleh pemerintah pusat. Contoh paling jelas adalah apa yang dilakukan oleh Uni Soviet (sebelum pecah menjadi banyak negara). Pusat lah yang menentukan semua kegiatan ekonomi sampai pada unit mikro yang terkencil. Harga tidak berperan dalam mengalokasi barang dan jasa.

Indonesia sebelum tahun 1966 juga cenderung menggunakan sistim perencanaan terpusat, yang mengabaikan mekanisme pasar. Ditambah dengan situasi ”perang” melawan Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan negara tetangga (Malaysia dan Singapura), situasi ekonomi di awal 1960s sangat kacau. Telah terjadi hiper-inflasi, kenaikan harga yang amat cepat. Rata-rata harga di Desember 1965 tujuh kali lipat rata rata harga di Desember 1964. Bayangkan. Pada bulan Desember 1964, sejumlah uang dapat menghidupi suami istri dengan lima orang anak. Namun, dengan harga yang menjadi tujuh kali lipat, uang yang sama itu hanya dapat membiayai satu anggota keluarga.

Di saat itu lah muncul paradigma baru untuk perekonomian Indonesia. Pada tanggal 10 Agustus 1963, Prof. Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro dalam pengukuhannya sebagai guru besar Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia menyampaikan pidato yang berjudul ”Analisa Ekonomi dan Perencanaan Pembangunan”. Kalau di saat ini mahasiswa ekonomi Fakultas Ekonomi UI membaca pidato ini, mungkin mereka akan merasa bahwa yang disampaikan oleh Widjojo Nitisasatro tidak hebat, biasa biasa saja. Mereka semua, para mahasiswa itu, tentu sudah amat faham dengan yang disampaikan dalam pidato itu.

Namun, kita perlu melihat situasi yang terjadi di awal tahun 1960-an. Widjojo Nitisastro dan kawan kawan di Fakultas Ekonomi UI menghadapi situasi yang jauh berbeda dengan saat ini. Kekuasaan politik saat itu sangat curiga pada Amerika Serikat, sementara Widjojo dan kawan kawan menyelesaikan studinya di Amerika Serikat. Lebih lanjut, Widjojo menyarankan perubahan paradigma. Di jaman itu politik adalah panglima. Sukarno, presiden Indonesia waktu itu, tidak menghargai analisis ekonomi. Dalam suasana seperti itulah, dalam pidatonya, Widjojo Nitisastro menyarankan pentingnya analisis ekonomi untuk Indonesia. Lebih lanjut, Widjojo Nitisastro memperkenalkan penggunaan mekanisme pasar dalam kebijakan pembangunan Indonesia. Ia tidak menyerahkan kepada pasar sepenuhnya, tetapi bagaimana mengkombinasikan perencanaan dari pemerintah pusat dan kekuatan pasar.

Pada saat sekarang ini, tentu saja, analisis ekonomi dan penggunaan pasar sudah menjadi barang tiap hari, dan bukan barang baru lagi untuk Indonesia. Namun, saat itu, memperkenalkan analisis ekonomi dan penggunaan pasar merupakan tabu politik.

Kalau Keynes memperkenalkan peran serta pemerintah kepada dunia yang percaya sepenuhnya ke pasar pada tahun 1930-an, Widjojo memperkenalkan sistem pasar pada perencanaan pembangunan. Keduanya melakukan kombinasi pasar dan campur tangan pemerintah. Widjojo Nitisastro boleh dikatakan sebagai seorang Keynesian, pengikut pemikiran Keynes.

Seperti halnya dengan J. M. Keynes, ide Widjojo Nitisastro juga sulit diterapkan karena pada saat itu tak ada dukungan dari elit politik. Bukan hanya tak ada dukungan, bahkan, saat itu, elit politik memusuhi Widjojo Nitisstro dan ide idenya. Baru kemudian, setelah terjadi perubahan politik, dari Sukarno ke Suharto, ide perubahan paradigma tersebut mendapat dukungan politik. Suharto mendukung penuh ide Widjojo Nitisastro. Bahkan, akhirnya, sebagian besar Ketetapan MPRS Nomor XXIII/ 1966 yang kemudian menjadi landasan hukum pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia di awal Order Baru, berasal dari ide Widjojo Nitisastro dan kawan kawan di Fakultas Ekonomi UI. Tentu saja, di jaman sekarang, pemikiran tersebut bukanlah hal yang luar biasa, seperti juga bahwa pemikiran Keynes sudah menjadi hal yang sehari hari bagi para ekonom dan mahasiswa ekonomi.

Kemampuan dan keberanian Widjojo Nitisastro untuk memulai sesuatu yang baru tidak bermula di tahun 60-an. Dalam penulisan disertasinya, Widjojo Nitisastro juga melakukan sesuatu yang waktu itu masih amat langka. Disertasinya (tahun 1961) berjudul ”Migration, Population Growth, and Economic Development: a Study of the Economic Consequences of Alternative Pattern of Inter-island Migration”. Selain disertasi, studi Widjojo Nitisastro mengenai demografi juga menghasilkan buku Population Trends in Indonesia, yang kemudian menjadi amat terkenal dalam kepustakaan demografi di Indonesia.

Di jaman sekarang, mahasiswa demografi akan merasakan bahwa kedua karya ini sebagai “biasa biasa” saja, karena mereka, saat ini, telah sangat terbiasa dengan apa yang dilakukan Widjojo Nitisastro dalam dua buku tersebut. Namun, saat itu, di akhir 1950-an dan awal 1960-an, data demografi teramat langka, terutama untuk Indonesia. Widjojo memasuki hutan demografi tanpa angka, dan ia mulai merintis mengumpulkan dan menghasilkan angka.

Kemudian, setelah Widjojo Nitisastro menjadi Ketua Tim Bidang Ekonomi dan Keuangan dari Staf Pribadi Ketua Presidium Kabinet Republik Indonesia, di era politik di bawah Suharto, pada tahun 1996, hasil karya demografi tersebut dikembangkan oleh Lembaga Demografi, Fakultas Ekonomi UI, yang didirikan antara lain oleh Widjojo Nitisastro. Kemudian, data demografi tersebut menjadi dasar yang amat penting dalam perencanaan pembangunan Indonesia.

Jaman sekarang, situasi, permasalahan, dan tantangan sudah jauh berbeda dengan apa yang terjadi di jaman J. M. Keynes, tahun 1930-an, dan jaman Widjojo Nitisastro, tahun 1960-an. Namun, satu hal yang masih relevan: perubahan paradigma selalu diperlukan, untuk menghadapi situasi, permasalahan, dan tantangan yang berbeda, terutama di saat krisis.

Berbagai krisis yang melanda dunia, dan Indonesia, akhir akhir ini tampaknya juga memerlukan perubahan paradigma. Adakah paradigma baru dan apakah elit politik akan mendukung paradigma baru? Indonesia, sebagai anggota G-20, dapat memberikan sumbangan pemikiran perubahan paradigma pemikiran ekonomi untuk kepentingan global, termasuk Indonesia. Bedanya, kalau di jaman J. M Keynes dan Widjojo Nitisastro para ekonom dapat bekerja sendirian dalam pembuatan paradigma baru, di jaman sekarang, paradigma baru harus merupakan pemikiran yang inter-disiplin, yang harus melibatkan pemikiran di banyak disiplim ilmu pengetahuan, bukan hanya ilmu ekonomi.

Buku ini sungguh layak untuk dibaca dan dipahami. Banyak hal lain menarik dari buku ini.

(20 Januari 2010)

sumber : http://mletiko.com/2010/01/

Tugas Perekin (Pak Harisdiana )

Tugas kelompok :

1. Bagaimana perkembangan ekonomi politik Indonesia dalam siklus sekitar 7 tahun-an mengacu kepada pendekatan Prof. Mubyarto untuk masa perkembangan setelah tahun 1987- 2000-an, pertengahan ? (deadline : 2 minggu lagi ) minimal 1 lembar kertas Folio

2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan konsep Ekonomi sosialis Indonesia yang muncul sekitar tahun 1950-an ? (deadline : minggu depan ) minimal 1 halaman folio

3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan pola ekonomi terpimpin, sementara itu diterapkan pada masa presiden Soekarno? (deadline minggu depan ) minimal 1 halaman folio

4. Ada beberapa pendapat yang menilai, bahwa Pro. Budiono (kini Wapres RI) adalah sebagai seorang ekonom , pengikut ajaran ekonomi liberal, apakah iya atau tidak ? beserta alasannya.
(deadline : menjelang UTS ) minimal 2 lembar Folio

5. Thn 80 & 90-an, muncul wacana tentang konsepdan pendekatan pembangunan ekonomi yang dikenal dengan WIJOYONOMIX dan HABIBINOMIX, tolong jelaskan, tiap konsep 1 halaman Folio. (deadline : minggu ke 5, 3 minggu lagi)


Tugas Individu
1 lihat kumpulan soal, dan kerjakan nomor II romawi, nomer 2 , 3, 7, 8, 1o, 12 (deadline : minggu depan )

Tugas Evapro (dosen : Pak Arief Anshory & Pak Heriyaldi )

Deadline : Rabu 29 September 2010


1. Untuk Mahasiswa yang PKRS, harap mengumpulkan rangkuman buku Champbell, "Cost and benefit analysis"

Chapter 1 dan 2

2. Apa yang dmaksud "Shadow Price"

3. Uraikan, proyek mana yang harus dipilih ?beserta ALASANnya
Diket :
NPV
Proyek A =181,2547 NPV proyek A > NPV proyek B
Proyek B = 136,6341

IRR
Proyek A = 20, 04 % IRR proyek B > IRR proyek A
Proyek B = 25 %

DF = 0.1

4. kerjakan soal dibawah ini, dengan format seprti dibuku campbell figure 1.4 hal.12

untuk download file klik DISINI

Example of benefit-cost analysis using the spreadsheet framework:

Suppose that a foreign company proposes to invest $110 in a project

which will produce 20 gadgets a year for a period of 5 years.

The gadgets will sell for $12 each. To produce the gadgets the firm will

have to hire 25 units of labor per year at a wage of $4 per unit.

The project is located in an area of high unemployment and the opportunity

cost of labor is estimated to be $3 per unit.

The firm will pay tax at a rate of 20% on its operating profit (defined here as

its total revenue less its labor costs).

There are no other costs or allowances, such as depreciation allowances, and

the project has no effect on the market price of any input or output.

(assume discount rate, r = 5%, r=10% & give the detail each year until 5 years)

Calculate the project NPV and IRR (where appropriate) using the

spreadsheet framework. (khusus jawaban soal ini, di ketik )